Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkes and Prevention 2019: Dietary heterocyclic amine intake and colorectal adenoma risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis [meta analysis of observational studies, weak evidence] When we repeatedly hear that eating red meat is unhealthy and could possibly shorten our lives, it’s entirely understandable to become concerned. What is Considered Red Meat. Public Health Nutrition 2016: Red and processed meat consumption and mortality: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence] ↩ Annals of Internal Medicine 2019: Reduction of Red and Processed Meat Intake and Cancer Mortality and Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies [Meta analysis of cohort studies, weak evidence]. 1 They have even been credited with allowing us to develop the large, complex brains that are unique to humans, although evolutionary science like this is imprecise at best.2 Indeed, we may be genetically wired to enjoy the flavor and texture of meat from a very early age. These meats are red when they are raw. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2019: Impact on cardiometabolic risk of a weight loss intervention with higher protein from lean red meat: Combined results of 2 randomized controlled trials in obese middle-aged and older adults [randomized trial; moderate evidence] While the epidemiological studies reviewed by the committee suggest an association, other studies question the strength of the association. BMJ: Risks of ischaemic heart disease and stroke in meat eaters, fish eaters, and vegetarians over 18 years of follow-up: results from the prospective EPIC-Oxford study [observational study; weak evidence] ↩ Circulation 2010: Red and processed meat consumption and risk of incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence] ↩ Meat Science 2015 Red meat consumption and ischemic heart disease. A lamb is a young sheep. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. It’s one of the most controversial foods in the history of nutrition. Beef, pork and other red meats are okay for the heart, but not hot dogs, cold cuts, and other processed meat. Although it is new in popularity, people have been practicing a carnivore diet for decades, and possibly centuries. The advent of civilization allowed the domestication of animals such as chickens, sheep, rabbits, pigs and cattle. If you want to read similar articles to What is Considered Red Meat, we recommend you visit our Food & drink category. International Journal of Epidemeology: Diet and colorectal cancer in UK Biobank: a prospective study [observational study; weak evidence] ↩ Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2018: Dietary heterocyclic amine intake and colorectal adenoma risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence], Nutrients 2017: Dietary intake of meat cooking-related mutagens (HCAs) and risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence], Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prevention 2020: A prospective analysis of red and processed meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in women [Nutritional epidemiology study, one endpoint with HR>2, weak evidence]. Duck meat would fall in the red meat category. So they make their best guess, which leads to weak statistical relationships and fairly uncertain conclusions. Nutrition & Diabetes 2017: Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized trial of a moderate-carbohydrate versus very low-carbohydrate diet in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes [randomized trial; moderate evidence] ↩ Asia Pacifica Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018: Dietary factors and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a meta-analysis and systematic review [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence] ↩ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2017: Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence], American Journal of Epidemiology 2014: Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence], British Medical Journal 2017: Mortality from different causes associated with meat, heme iron, nitrates, and nitrites in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study: population based cohort study [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence]. White Meat Vs Red Meat. The red one are considered red meat, although pork is considered "less" red meet than beef, particularly by the people tryi ... Read More. They found no meaningful increased cardiovascular risk from higher red meat consumption, though the evidence was derived mainly from one of the twelve eligible studies and considered low- to very-low-certainty. Red meat refers to all types of mammalian muscle meat, and includes the following: beef veal pork (not the “other white meat” after all, apparently) lamb mutton goat horse Goat meat is considered to be a healthy meat. Guide Part 1 of this series examines the state of the current war on meat and how a conscious keto eater can find peace and a path forward. GuidePart 3 looks at the economics and practicalities for more wide-scale regenerative agriculture and how policies, emerging carbon markets, consumer choice, and other mechanisms can foster agricultural incentives to produce green animal products. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1965: The environment and disease: Association or causation? However, when discussing meat from a nutritional standpoint, “white meat” refers to poultry and fish, which contain less myoglobin and iron than red meat. All livestock are considered red meat. If you’re concerned about red meat or want to change your dietary patterns to decrease your dependence on this form of protein, you still have lots of dietary options. But how strong are these associations, especially when considering all available types of studies? If the product comes from a cow, goat, lamb, bison or any animal or mammal with dark reddish meat, (prior to cooking) that is considered red meat. Guide This guide explains what is known about saturated fat, discusses the scientific evidence about its role in health, and explores whether we should be concerned about how much we eat it. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Is red meat healthy, harmful or neutral? The two species in question are duck and geese. Compared with other red meats, goat's meat brings iodine, sodium and magnesium, in addition to vitamins from group B, zinc and protein. Will you consider joining us as a member as we pursue our mission to make low carb simple? Unfortunately, we just … The benefits of beef are several. However, other studies show that low-carb diets that include red meat successfully treat type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.38. Here are some recipes: roast lamb in the oven. Yet in culinary or cultural contexts, veal is often considered a white meat and duck or goose … Red meat – such as beef, lamb and pork – is a good source of protein, vitamins and minerals, and can form part of a balanced diet. Ox meat must have a red colour, be compact, with fat, stringy and to the taste has a strong flavour. ↩ This study does not prove a lower risk with meat eaters as the quality of evidence is still low. 1 doctor agrees. [systematic review of randomized trials; strong evidence], The following RCTs likewise show no clear detriment to eating red meat. However, there are some potential health issues to be aware of. We also need to ask, what happens when they lower their carbohydrates, lose weight, reverse metabolic disease and improve their overall lifestyle? Won’t low carb contribute to global warming and pollution? This guide is based on scientific evidence, following our policy for evidence-based guides. Now, while lamb is red meat, grass-fed varieties are generally considered quite a … Although certain kinds of poultry, such as chicken, are considered white meats these two species have traditionally been included in the list of red meats. Journal of the American Heart Association 2016: Microbiota-dependent metabolite trimethylamine n-oxide and coronary artery calcium in the coronary artery risk development in young adults study (CARDIA) [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence] ↩ Diabetologia 2009: Meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence], European Journal of Epidemiology 2017: Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence]. Discuss any lifestyle changes with your doctor. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 2011: Meta-analysis of prospective studies of red meat consumption and colorectal cancer [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence]. Find out the best 10 ways on how to eat increase your fat intake. Furthermore, its taste is very pleasant. Many people who try to follow a healthful diet eat red meat with a side order of guilt. Most cuts of pork are red, others are white. Red meat can be fresh or processed. Some studies suggest that eating red meat on a regular basis may increase the risk of diabetes and other conditions characterized by insulin resistance. These two meats have a strong and consistent flavour and are associated to French cuisine. This association is also supported by this intervention trial: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017: High-protein foods and physical activity protect against age-related muscle loss and functional decline [observational study; very weak evidence] ↩ Annals of Internal Medicine 2019: Reduction of Red and Processed Meat Intake and Cancer Mortality and Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies [Meta analysis of cohort studies, weak evidence] ↩ Oncotarget 2017: Red and processed meat consumption and gastric cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence], Nutrition Review 2013: Meat, fish, and esophageal cancer risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence], Annals of Oncology 2017: An update of the WCRF/AICR systematic literature review and meta-analysis on dietary and anthropometric factors and esophageal cancer risk [nonrandomized study, weak evidence], International Journal of Cancer 2018: Consumption of red and processed meat and breast cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence], European Journal of Cancer 2018: Red and processed meat consumption and breast cancer: UK Biobank cohort study and meta-analysis [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence]. ↩ The following references were funded by the meat industry. This is not a popular meat and so difficult it's to source in butchers' shops, although there are specialised shops in some cities. Some meats (lamb, pork) are classified differently by different writers. Pork meat is the most consumed throughout the world and has beneficial contributions to our health. While the funding source does not invalidate the data, it does question its strength. Obesity Review 2011: Red meat and colorectal cancer: a critical summary of prospective epidemiologic studies [overview article; ungraded] ↩ European Journal of Cancer Prevention 2004: Meat intake and the recurrence of colorectal adenomas [randomized trial; moderate evidence] ↩ Annals of Internal Medicine 2019: Effect of Lower Versus Higher Red Meat Intake on Cardiometabolic and Cancer Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials. It is written for adults who are concerned about meat intake and health. However, once again these studies have low hazard ratios consistently under 1.4, and they are subject to healthy user bias and other weaknesses of epidemiological studies. ... Red meats: Red meat in traditional culinary terminology is meat which is red when raw, and not white when cooked. 0 comment. When fresh pork is cooked, it becomes lighter in color, but it is still a red meat. Unanswered questions like these are what make observational data less compelling regardless of the outcome and shows a lack of scientific consensus. Lamb has all the benefits of red meats and it is also rich in minerals. In comparison, cigarette smoking has a hazard ratio greater than 3.0 for being associated with cancer, meaning people who smoke are three times more likely to get cancer than those who don’t smoke. (French: viandes noires — "dark meats".) Red meat meant beef, pork, lamb, and hamburger. The heme iron found in red meat has also been suggested to play a causative role in colorectal cancer, based on findings in animal studies and some epidemiological studies in humans.14 However, other studies have failed to show a connection between ingesting these substances and developing colorectal cancer.15, While many observational trials suggest red meat is associated with colon cancer, some researchers point out that other lifestyle factors could influence those results. NewsWhy some recent media headlines about red meat are vastly exaggerated, according to Dr. Jason Fung. Despite its bad reputation, according to some experts, horse meat is less fatty and contains more iron and proteins than other red meats. GuidePart 2 explores the link between cows and climate change and how a burgeoning worldwide movement in holistic regenerative agriculture is using cows to help draw carbon out of the atmosphere and store it in the soil. Is it the meat or is it other unhealthy lifestyle choices? Lumping all red meat into one category when … Additionally, some processed meats contain salt as their sole additive, whereas others may include sugar, starch, other fillers, and chemicals such as nitrites. The benefits of beef are several. By interacting with this site, you agree to our disclaimer. Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food. Most poultry, except game birds, are also white meat. The benefits of duck meat are essential amino acids, vitamins or minerals in group B such as iron, zinc or phosphate. For those that did show an association, the hazard ratios were quite small, in the range of 1.06 to 1.4. British Journal of cancer 2007: A cohort study of dietary iron and heme iron intake and risk of colorectal cancer in women [nutritional epidemiology study; very weak evidence] Virtually all dietary studies categorize poultry and fish as "white meat" and four-legged land animals such as beef, pork and lamb as "red meat." /*# sourceMappingURL=footnotes.min.css.map */ Because of the lack of high-quality research in this area, it’s hard to know for sure if eating red meat on a regular basis will jeopardize or even improve your health and longevity. White meat is considered to be healthier than red meat because it is low on saturated fat and people generally avoid red meat if their cholesterol levels are high. Beef stands out for its intense flavour. Therefore although the observational studies can suggest an association between red meat and cancer, the low hazard ratios make it less suggestive that red meat causes cancer. 0. In fact, the authors question if eating meat is a proxy for wealth and access to healthcare in Asia. For those eating a standard Western diet with high carbohydrates and high fat, red meat consumption is likely associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. The general concept for requiring a high enough hazard ratio also comes form the following references: PLoS Medicine 2005: Why most published research findings are false [overview article; ungraded], American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999: Causal criteria in nutritional epidemiology [overview article; ungraded], This is also supported by the so-called “Bradford Hill Criteria” as originally described in this 1965 publication. Here’s a guide to everything you need to know about protein on a low-carb or keto lifestyle. Poultry is white, as well as duck and goose. A systematic review [moderate evidence] ↩ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014: Protein-enriched diet, with the use of lean red meat, combined with progressive resistance training enhances lean tissue mass and muscle strength and reduces circulating IL-6 concentrations in elderly women: a cluster randomized controlled trial [RCT; moderate evidence] ↩ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999: Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men [nonrandomized study; weak evidence]. The distinction of white or red meat in pork is complicated. What if you aren’t unhealthy at baseline? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2017: Journal of the American Heart Association 2016: Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases 2012: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018: Asia Pacifica Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018: European Journal of Preventive cardiology 2019: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1965: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2005. Advertising on … Diet Doctor Podcast #30 – Dr. Gary Fettke. Dr. Ted Naiman is one of the individuals who believes more protein is better and recommends a higher intake. However, since the science is not conclusive, don’t let this be a barrier to going low carb given the potential for increased cost and inconvenience. Protein is an important component of a healthy diet, and you can find many other options to meat, such as poultry or fish. 1. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood) 2017: Association between red meat consumption and colon cancer: A systematic review of experimental results [systematic review of animal and cell studies; very weak evidence]. If eating red meat does increase the risk of cancer, what’s the cause? ↩ Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2005: Is it time to abandon the food frequency questionnaire? The first is that it is very rich in protein. Buty it is important to note that the conclusion was that the overall level of evidence found in the RCTs was low. In that situation we do not have incriminating evidence against red meat. Role of total, red, processed, and white meat consumption in stroke incidence and mortality: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies [observational study with HR < 2; very weak evidence]. Pork is … Pork is classed as "livestock" along with veal, lamb and beef. inconclusive evidence for a relationship between TMAO and CVD, observational rather than experimental data. However, we decided to include the papers as they make important points about the limitations of interpreting observational data. Under the culinary definition, the meat from adult or "gamey" mammals (for example, beef, horse meat, mutton, venison, boar, hare) is red meat, while that from young mammals (rabbit, veal, lamb) is white. In October 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) issued a press release classifying processed meat as “carcinogenic” and red meat as “probably carcinogenic” in humans. They found no mortality difference between meat eaters and vegetarians.43. Most of the cuts of beef sold in grocery stores are lean. Deer is the most commonly consumed wild animal. 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